Samuel Gompers Totally Explained

Everything about Samuel Gompers totally explained

Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 - December 13, 1924) was an American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position as president of the organization for all but one year from 1886 until he died in 1924. He sought to promote harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, and opposed the imposition of industrial unionism unless unions like the United Mine Workers and the Brewery Workers, for example, chose that form of organization for themselves. Focused on higher wages and collective bargaining, he favored trade unionism over socialism. After 1907, he encouraged the AFL to take political action to "elect their friends" and "defeat their enemies." When it appeared that the US was going to enter the First World War, he and the AFL offered support at a time when Eugene V. Debs and other leftists were against the war.

Early life

Gompers was born on January 27, 1850 in London, England into a Jewish family which had recently arrived from the Netherlands. He left school at age 10 to become an apprentice, first as a shoemaker and then as cigar maker. The family immigrated to the United States in 1863, settling on Manhattan's Lower East Side in New York City. He married Sophia Julian in 1866 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1872. Gompers attended a free Jewish school in London, but received no more than an elementary school education.
His philosophy of labor unions centered on economic ends for workers, such as higher wages, benefits, and job securityso that they could enjoy an "American" standard of living -- a decent home, decent food and clothing, and money enough to educate their children. He thought economic organization was the most direct way to achieve these improvements, but he did encourage union members to participate in politics and to vote with their economic interests in mind.
Gompers didn't view unions as simply the labor component of a business; he saw them more as a engine for worker education and self-help -- he believed that union members would learn to think and act for themselves through the process of organizing and collective bargaining.

Leading the AFL

Gompers helped found the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in 1881 as a coalition of like-minded unions. In 1886 it was reorganized into the American Federation of Labor, with Gompers as its president. He would remain president of the organization until his death (with the exception of one year, 1895).
   Under Gompers's tutelage, the AFL coalition gradually gained strength, undermining that previously held by the Knights of Labor, which as a result had almost vanished by 1900. He was nearly jailed in 1911 for publishing with John Mitchell a boycott list, but the Supreme Court overturned the sentence in Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Co..
   Gompers's insistence against political affiliation and radicalism in the AFL, combined with the AFL's tendency to cater to skilled labor over unskilled, led indirectly to the formation of the Industrial Workers of the World organization in 1905, which tried with limited success to organize unskilled workers.
   Gompers, like most labor leaders, opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe because it lowered wages, and opposed any immigration at all from Asia for the previous reason and also because it brought an alien culture. The AFL was instrumental in passing immigration restriction laws from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924, and seeing that they were strictly enforced. The link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in large part on immigration issues; the owners of large corporations wanted more immigration and thus supported the Republican party.

Political involvement

During the First World War, Gompers was a strong supporter of the war effort. He was appointed by President Wilson to the powerful Council of National Defense, where he instituted the War Committee on Labor. He was an attendee at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as a labor advisor.

Death

Gompers had suffered from diabetes, heart failure and renal failure for nearly a year. He collapsed in Mexico City on Saturday, December 6, 1924 while attending a meeting of the Pan-American Federation of Labor. His condition was recognized as critical and that he might not survive for long. Gompers expressed the desire to die on American soil, and he was placed aboard a special train and sped toward the border. His condition improved slightly as the train reached lower altitudes, but a doctor reported Gompers was still likely to die. The train reached San Antonio, Texas, on the evening of December 12. His long-time nurse, Mathilda May, remained with him at all times. Dr. Lee Rice of San Antonio was summoned to attend him. Gompers' heart rate was 160 beats per minute, and he was suffering from atrial fibrillation. Digitalis was administered. Surrounded by 15 AFL vice presidents, staff and union presidents, he remained awake through the night and spoke occasionally about his funeral arrangements. At 2:30 a.m. on December 13, he began to die. Dr. W. S. Hanson arrived and consulted with Rice about treatment. Epinephrine was injected and a pint and a half of blood removed from Gompers' lungs to ease his breathing. Gompers appeared to rally, but collapsed again. James Duncan, president of the Granite Cutters' International Association, held Gompers' hand. At 3:30 a.m., Dr. Rice informed Gompers that he was likely to die soon. Gompers acknowledged this, but didn't respond. Gompers died at 4:10 a.m., with Duncan still holding his hand.
Samuel Gompers was buried at the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in North Tarrytown, New York.

Quotes

Colored workmen have not been asking that equal rights be accorded to them as to white workmen, but [they] somehow convey the idea that they're to be petted or coddled and given special consideration and special privilege. Of course that can't be done. � Quoted in The Wall Street Journal, September 3, 2007.
Our movement is of the working people, for the working people, by the working people.
The trade union movement represents the organized economic power of the workers... It is in reality the most potent and the most direct social insurance the workers can establish.

Dedications

The United States Navy destroyer tender USS Samuel Gompers was named in his honor.
   A bronze monument honoring Gompers by the sculptor Robert Aitken resides in Gompers Square on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., ironically located across from the headquarters of the libertarian Cato Institute.
   In San Antonio, Texas, a statue (controversial for its design) was dedicated in Gompers' honor near the riverwalk and convention center.
   On September 3, 2007 a life-size statue of Gompers was unveiled at Gompers Park which is on the northwest side of Chicago. Gompers Park was named after the labor leader in 1929. This is the first statue of a labor leader in Chicago. Local unions throughout Chicago donated their time and money to build the monument.
   Schools on the far southside of Chicago, in The Bronx, New York, in Philadelphia, PA and in Watts, Los Angeles, California, and an apartment complex of the New York City Housing Authority are named for Gompers.

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